The last supper by Leonardo Da Vinci Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The last supper by Leonardo Da Vinci - Essay Example The most noticeable aspect of Florence was that it was a self governed and most importantly an independent city." (Renaissance) The city grew with leaps and bounds because of its strong economic background to match this, the city also boasted of a strong political philosophy, these factors contributed in the immense success of Florence during the period of the Renaissance. The economy of Florence was centered on the manufacturing of goods or trade of cloth so inevitably meant that the most powerful people in the city had to be the people who represented the textile workers. Workers in Florence were experts when it came to transforming wool into cloth of an excellent quality; they wee well acquainted with the ways to do the same. The process was a quite complicated one which involved dying of wool, cleaning the wool and a host of other processes. The Palazzo Vecchio was constructed in the year 1299. This was also the home of the Florentine guilds. This portrays the Florentine culture that was the home of many Italians. This was a place where influential people would gather and decide complex issues like voting and other important things. The guild members were all from good backgrounds, the background of the people was the most important factor that determined whether they were good enough to become guild members or not. Some guild members were lawyers, sculptors while other members included solicitors, masons and builders. Florence was a very different city; it was unlike Venice or for that matter any other city during the time of Renaissance. Sea trade did not flourish in Florence as much as it did in Venice because the people of Florence had many other interests which fetched them much more than Sea trade, this was primarily the reason why Sea trade never flourished in Florence. Banking was one of the most common professions during the time of Renaissance; many families tasted success being bankers in Florence. The gold coin Manufactured in Florence was a trademark of purity and was accepted the world over by people. The buildings and the sculpture are very famous and looked upon by many people all across the globe, some of the buildings built at that time still stand, his goes to show the pain and the efforts which were out in by the people at that time. Renaissance was a revolutionary period which saw tremendous changes take place in Europe. Renaissance is a French word which means rebirth; many a thing changed during the period of renaissance for instance the Political changes in Europe, social changes which took place during that time etc. This paper will throw light upon Gr'newald's Isenheim Altarpiece. Gr'newald was a very prolific artist of the Renaissance period; he was mainly involved in making religious paintings. This paper will provide an insight on his masterpiece which is known as the Altarpiece which is now located in France. In addition to this the paper will also throw light upon two other masterpieces. (Gr'newald's Isenheim Altarpiece) Mathis was one of the most famous painters of the Renaissance period. He was not well known until the late 19th century which brought him to the limelight. The details about this great artist are still obscure, for the reputation that he had back then, people expect a lot of information about him but the fact is that even his real name is not known by the people. The name

The Reason of Enlightenment Essay Example for Free

The Reason of Enlightenment Essay Society today is in a paradox. Everything is infected with sameness and repetition. Every sensual experience of the individual is subjected to standardization. Acceptance is the key in success as the capitalist mode of production continually influences behaviour of the individual as well as society as a whole. The capitalist mode of production becomes a powerful tool in manipulating the masses as well as affecting the creative process of human consciousness. What matters for most cultural industries is not the creativity of products or mere understanding but rather a passive acceptance and monetary return. Society is the subject of the industry as it continually addresses the consumer’s concerns rather than society dictating the flow of the industry. Because of the industry’s ‘customized’ goods, society has no room for imagination, creativity, and understanding since these products already fit the ideal description. The culture industry also delimits the aesthetic aspect of human nature as the arts are also subjected to production and return of profit. The essence of art and creativity is lost and also become mere products of the industry. In Theodore Adorno and Max Horkheimer’s Dialectics of Enlightenment, the thinkers present a Social Critical Theory of the contemporary society and the adverse ideologies brought about by science, empiricism, and reason, all of which are products of the age of enlightenment. The Development of Critical Theory It is essential to mention the development of Social Critical Theory in lieu of the viewpoint that Adorno and Horkheimer used in their attempt to criticise the false notions brought about by the change in culture and the industry. Social Critical Theory has its roots from the Marxist ideologies that openly criticises the capitalism ideology (Ray 1993: ix). Marxism suggests that there is an imbalance with the structural social class as it is marginally separated by two polar opposites in society: the abusive bourgeoisie, and the proletariat or the working class. Marxist doctrine states that man’s essence is himself, and labour, which is the power to create, is merely an extension. At the presence of labour and society, man becomes a necessity or a commodity. If a poor man who has no material wealth, becomes a mere commodity at the presence of labour and exchanges the only thing he has – his essence. Man becomes for sale, while the rich get richer as they continue to capitalize on the plight of the poor man’s essence. From the Marxist doctrines, this social theory eventually separated into two – the revisionist and orthodox Marxist ideologies which retain the ideals of Marxism but differ in method. Marxist revisionist proposes a bloody revolution for the complete eradication of social classes (Ray 1992). Critical theory attempts to dig deeper into other existing binaries of ideologies and subvert them in such a way that the meta-narratives becomes petite. The rise of the Frankfurt school slightly deviated from the idea of criticising social norms but instead focused on the idea of the Enlightenment which paved the way for the development of science and technology. Frankfurt school thinkers such as Adorno and Horkheimer tackled the idea of the Enlightenment as a false notion in the development of society. The Frankfurt school of thought argues that essence and originality are lost as consumers are placidly fed with the same objects that satisfy them temporarily. The mass-produced products and ideas are transforming society into technocracy and docility – that society’s happiness is based on mass happiness rather than individual and subjective satisfaction. Science and technology ultimately enshrines efficiency and affectivity that dominate political governance so that we see a society ruled by technocrats. The industry forms culture rather than culture forming the industry. Critical Theory plays a significant part on the idea of how society aims to live life everyday. Critical theory also provides an opportunity to criticise fallacious social norms and allows the chance for discourse (Ray 1992). Adorno and Horkheimer In view of Adorno and Horkheimer’s The Dialectics of Enlightenment, the authors offer a clear and definitive implication of the 18th century Enlightenment movement and how it suppressed society in terms of ideologies and production. Enlightenment is understood as the advance of thought that aims to liberate human beings from â€Å"fear and installing them as Masters† (Adorno 1997: 1). This concept also shares similar ideas with Immanuel Kant’s summation of the Enlightenment during the 18th century. â€Å"Dare to Think! † was the banner of reason during those time (Ray 1992: 5). Reason should be used in order to individuate man, to dispel myth, to rid of fear of intellectual docility, and to provide the ability to know. Reason became the main weapon for this intellectual movement, as it attempted to break away from the mystical, dogmatic, and mythological foundations of knowledge. Adorno argues that the Enlightenment’s program was â€Å"to dispel myths, to overthrow fantasy with knowledge† (1997: 1). The formation of reason was a complete deviation from the rebirth of philosophical explorations of the Renaissance, which gave emphasis on the use of classical philosophy from Plato, Aristotle, and such. Enlightenment and reason were the foremost tenets of the movement and arguably countered the use of myth and mysticism as the basis of human knowledge. Reason led to the development of empiricism and science, the systematized thought of acquiring knowledge through observation, experimentation and synthesis. Knowledge, acquired through such methods, establishes man as the master of nature. However, Adorno states that this knowledge is abused by man himself as â€Å"knowledge, which is power, knows no limits, either in its enslavement of creation or in its deference to worldly masters† (1997: 2). Technology is the essence of such knowledge as it aims to manipulate concept into method and exploitation. To Adorno, technology does not provide concepts, ideas, or the simple joy of understanding, but rather suppresses the individual to docility. Further, Adorno explains the nature of Enlightenment as a movement dispelling the myths of old. As observed from the pre-Platonic and classical philosophers themselves, they were the ones who pioneered the use of reason or logos as the truthful method of acquiring knowledge rather than basing on mythological narration. As the development of reason became the foundation of science, man discarded meaning to be replaced by formula, causal rules, and probability. The obsession on the use of empirical basis as a method of acquiring universal truths led to the false formation of an industry that not only caters to the need of its consumers but also subjects them into docile and content buyers that guarantee success through monetary return (Ray 1992). The Culture industry, in essence, is the product of the false notion of Enlightenment and reason. Everything has to be proven in order to be verifiable and accepted. Laws, beliefs, and thinking are systematized; they are now bound to the governing laws of reason and empirical knowledge. Though the movement still has its positive effects on development, and the start of a radical change in thinking has definitely brought about breakthroughs in modern science and technology, it also has an adverse effect on society. Adorno suggests: â€Å"For culture now impresses the same stamp on everything† (1997: 120). This widespread movement also relates to the culture industry, where everything loses its individuality for the sake of standardization and acceptance in return for economic benefits of the industry. The whole world is passed through the filter of the culture industry. Everything is affected by such change. The formation of the industry in our context has becoming the mould in which culture is formed and trimmed. Things that had once an aesthetic value lose their real sheen and become mere cliches. Today, our actions fall under what we know as popular and will serve the general purpose of the culture industry: mass producing in order for the economy to function properly (Adorno, 1992: 8). The standardization of things that are produced in order to serve the general interest of the public is quite ironic. The public, which is supposed to be the providers in the economy, become the subjects of the industry itself. In turn, the industry is the big shot boss that makes use of every need of the employee in order to bloom. Society is then the false blood that gives life to the industry, which continues to exploit every aspect of our need, in order to grow and develop an unbreakable barrier in which our supposed-to-be powerful freedom may never break. By continuing to patronize what the industry keeps on producing, it then forms consciousness of popularity — the general idea that the mass accepts. â€Å"It is claimed that standards were based in the first place on consumer’s needs, and for that reason were accepted with so little resistance† (Adorno 1997: 100). The cycle continuous; from fashion trends, food, lifestyle, music, and the arts, these modes of expressions has fallen to this false notion of culture. It loses its identity to become a standard among the people that once used to uphold its individual essence. â€Å"The familiar experience of the moviegoer, who perceives the street outside as a continuation of the film he has just left, because the film seeks strictly to reproduce the world of everyday perception has become the guideline for production† (Adorno 1997: 99). What the people want to see is the continuation of the reality he lives in but only decreased to a lighter note as a means of escape from the hustle and bustle of the corporate world. Entertainment has become a means of escape. The only escape from the work process in the factory and office is through entertainment. Amusement then becomes boring, since to be amusing, it must cost no effort to think. The spectator must need no thoughts of his own. Amusement is then a mindless reel of farce that acts as a distraction from reality. It has no real meaning because the spectator does not need meaning in order to be distracted from the pressure of everyday work (Adorno 1997: ). The same goes with films. â€Å"Film denies its audience any dimension in which the mind might roam freely in imagination† (Adorno 1997: 100). Movies present an alternate reality as a means of escape from the business of the industry. Man, tired from work, resorts to amusement and film to produce a necessitated concept of another reality. That it presents the ideal world inside the theatre and the moviegoer is presented with reality after the film is finished. Thus, films in our context today serve as a basis of lifestyle. From the alternate reality presented by the movies, human behaviour is influenced through an unconscious effort of influence. The industry, apart from the standardized goods and ideologies, also feed the only retribution of man from the pressure of material capitalism. Ideas and concepts are also manipulated to standardization. Thus, placidity is not also applied in the individual’s actions but also to the natural system of consciousness and thought. The ultimate purpose then is for benefit and popularity rather than the art of making a movie. That is why the formation of indie (independent) films attempts to break from such typical notions of Hollywood movies in order to preserve the real essence of movie-making. However, in comparison to major blockbuster films, indie films never achieved the same level of popularity and income even though the indie directors and producers never intended for their movie to be even recognized. That is because such actions are against what is generally accepted and popular. The Madness of Music As a student of music himself, Adorno characterizes the notions brought about the effect of the culture industry with regard the arts, especially on music. He characterizes popular music from serious music. Music is defined as the arrangement and accordance to its form and arrangement. To Adorno, classical music is considered as serious music, for it strictly follows the laws from which they are based and made. The rigidity in the discipline makes the composition itself bound to the parameters of perfection; hence, music is a masterpiece. It follows time signature, tempo, harmony, tone construction, etc. that when such composition is first heard, it is appreciated as a whole and even more appreciated when the parts are examined specifically. On the other hand, the distinction between serious music and popular music lies within its formative structure. Popular music, based on the culture industry’s precepts, capitalizes on standardization. Pop music is predictable upon close observation. Its predictability lies with its musical structure. At first, it may fool the listener of its catchy and creative theme, but, contrary to serious music when parts are examined specifically, its harmonics are built on simple and almost simplistic tone structure that it cannot be left alone without the other. The essence of the music is lost as it lacks the qualities of a ‘serious’ music that may have otherwise refined its colour (Adorno 1997: 104). In our present context, the rise of the music industry has become the ambition for most music artists today. Songs are composed in order to gain widespread popularity, especially among the youth. If we are to look closely at each band’s composition and harmony of their songs, it has rather simple arrangement of chords and repetition of melody from the start up until the beginning. The flimsy form of the music is compensated by the loud execution and performance of their songs and electrifying guitar solos in order to cover up the repetition. It lacks creativity and limits the music to only a few chords. Plus, such simplicity is also the key of some rock bands of not ‘making it’ or not enduring an imprint of legacy from their music. They only enjoy a brief period of popularity that does not leave a lasting impression on the target audience they wish to capture. Standardization extends from the most general features to the most specific ones. Pop music is refined to suit the untrained ear of the masses. It is also mass-produced in order for the artist and the recording company to achieve its benefits. In order for people to like it, music is arranged which is appealing to the public, for music, the same with art, cannot be reproduced without any guarantee of economic remuneration. Novelty and creative are not emphasized since novelty cannot be applied to what is already standard and generally accepted by the people. It is also a form of entertainment and escape; simplified and catchy so as to serve a distraction rather than stimulating oneself in Symphonies or Sonatas (Adorno 1997: 101). Ultimately, for Adorno, the main point of the critique is focused on the development of the individual’s creative tendencies – especially on the arts. According to Witkin, Adorno did not give a blatant connotation that to appreciate art means sophistication in the individual’s part but rather the use of the arts as perpetuated in the industry. â€Å"However, it was not skill or talent that mattered to him, here, but the interests it served and the use to which it was put† (Witkin 2003: 2). As the age of Enlightenment ushered in the development of science, the process of acquiring knowledge developed from a mystical and contextual approach to an empirical and experiential process. Ironically, enlightenment meant that the individual is self-aware of his or her own actions and liberated of fear from the human consciousness. However, as science led the way to the development of newer systems of thought, it produced the development of media (film, music, print) that became ‘standard’ products of consumption. To Adorno and Horkheimer, society becomes placid consumers to these forms; music becomes ‘popular’ and depends on record-breaking sales in order to sell. Films present an alternative to reality, distracting the individual from the bustle of the industry as a means of escape, and print/visual media becomes accessible to all. What the culture industry produces consequently influences behaviour. Standardization in the culture industry meant that the process of invention and innovation is in lieu with the needs of society. What society wants, the industry produces. Freedom, according to the Dialectics of Enlightenment, is sacrificed, as consumers are ‘tamed’ into cooperation. Thus, the industry thrives on income and profit, without any thought or conscience. For the industry, it does not matter for the products to be morally or ethically acceptable as long as the consumer accepts it and benefits the industry in turn. Contemporary Critique The pioneering efforts of Adorno and Horkheimer in the critique of the culture industry gave rise to the formation of contemporary theories on the said subject. On the subject of the culture industry’s critique, David Hesmondhalgh provides a technical explanation of the processes the culture industry undergoes. His arguments retain the critique presented by Adorno but focus more on the shift changes and patterns of continuity in the cultural industries. Hesmondhalgh presents a different viewpoint on Adorno’s subject, as he attempts to bridge the cultural industry as a main distributor of information as well as an unconscious influence over society. Today, cultural industries have changed radically. â€Å"The largest companies no longer specialise in a particular cultural industry such as film, publishing, television, or recording; they now operate across a number of different cultural industries† (Hesmondhalgh 2002: 1). The scope of the cultural industry is not anymore specified into one criterion of the arts; rather, through the development of technology and information systems, the industry now focuses on print, media, and information through the internet, publications, etc. However, contrary to Adorno’s viewpoint, the cultural industries and the goods that it produces, according Hesmondhalgh, are â€Å"complex, ambivalent, and contested† (2002: 3). He argues that the text and information disseminated by the industry do not adhere to the doctrine of capitalism or structured domination. In addition, Hesmondhalgh also differs from the arguments presented by Adorno that the culture industry subjects consumers into passivity, wherein there is no room for the imagination to play. Adorno gives importance to the deeper aesthetic appreciation of art, which he differentiated into ‘serious’ and ‘popular’. For Hesmondhalgh however, there is still creativity in the cultural industry: â€Å"The invention and/or performances of stories, songs, images, poems, jokes, and so on, in no matter what technological form, involves a particular type of creativity – the manipulation of symbols for the purposes of entertainment, information and perhaps even, enlightenment† (2002: 4). Further, he separates art into symbolic creativity and artists into symbol creators and these different kinds of artists reflect the extremities of society in which they live in (2002: 4) Paradoxical Ideology In the Dialectics of Enlightenment, society has this unanswered and unnoticed threat growing in the background. The industry and the generally ‘popular’ things are becoming the basis of everyday life. Adorno and Horkheimer suggest that popular culture is like a â€Å"factory producing standardized cultural goods to manipulate the masses into passivity; the easy pleasures available through consumption of popular culture make people docile and content, no matter how difficult their economic circumstances† (Adorno 1997: n. p. ). The different viewpoints presented by contemporary thinkers support the arguments presented by Adorno, contradict them, or simply expound the different ideologies and applying it into a more modern perspective. Hesmondhalgh especially notes the cultural industry’s motivation in cultivating imagination and creativity for there is still creativity through innovation of new ideas and symbols even though they ultimately influence society in the end. However, the main idea still exists — that the culture industry is a by-product of the Enlightenment and the capitalist mode of production. Hesmondhalgh’s arguments still present the ideas of capitalist multinational corporations that manipulate symbols in order to disseminate such into society. His use of the term ‘symbols’, instead of ‘art’, necessarily perpetuates his notion on manipulation of ideas. Art is essentially the expression of human nature, but in the culture industry, essence does not exist. Thus, Hesmondhalgh’s arguments necessarily imply that symbolism is still creativity, although on a much lower scale. Capitalist companies, especially in modern scenarios, not only manipulate art but also communication and the media. For Hesmondhalgh, the control of the cultural industries over text and information are more pronounced than ever (2002: 7) Thus, the cultural industry’s shift change of scope has greatly differed from Adorno’s time, yet still maintains the capitalist coercive nature. What remains is that society’s needs are still catered by the culture industry. Furthermore, it is claimed that standards produced by the culture industry are based on consumers needs, and that is why accepted with little or no resistance at all. â€Å"The result is the circle of manipulation and retroactive need in which the unity of the system grows ever stronger. No mention is made of the fact that the basis on which technology acquires power over society is the power of those whose economic holds over society is greatest. A technological rationale is the rationale of domination itself. It is the coercive nature of society alienated from itself† (Adorno 1997: 121). The capitalist structure still maintains its firm hold over society as it influences behaviour through catering specific needs of its consumers while transcending a different level of consumerism. The essence of human expression is lost through standardization of art, music, film, and such. Society becomes docile, leaving no room for imagination, and the culture industry grows because of this ignorance. References Adorno, T. and Horkheimer, M. (1997) Dialectic of Enlightenment. London: Verso. Curran, J. (1979) Mass Communication and Society. Beverly Hills, California: Sage. Garnham, N. (1990) Capitalism and Communication: Global Culture and the Economics of Information. London: Sage Publications Garnham, N. (2000) Emancipation, the Media, and Modernity: Arguments About the Media and Social Theory Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hesmondhalgh, D. (2002) The Cultural Industries London: Sage. Martin-Barbero, J. (1993) Communication, Culture and Hegemony: From the Media to Mediations. London: SAGE Publications. McGuigan, J. (1996) Culture and the Public Sphere. London: Routledge. Miege, B. (1989) The Capitalization of Cultural Production. New York: International. Ray, L. (1993). Rethinking Critical Theory : Emancipation in the Age of Global Social Movements. London: Sage. Witkin, R. (2003) Adorno on Popular Culture. London: Routledge.

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Explained

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Explained In the year of 1927, the time when modern physics has become prosperous, plenty of influential physics breakthroughs and discoveries struck the globe, especially quantum physics. One of the most significant quantum physicists is a German, named Werner Heisenberg, who stated the Uncertainty Principle in â€Å"On the Physical Content of Quantum Theoretical Kinematics and Mechanics†, which has indispensable impact on the physics sphere. By going through the definition, the formulas, using a daily life example, explaining its applicability and a strange phenomenon, the intricate and abstract Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle will hopefully become comprehendible. In Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, it states that the position and the momentum of a particle cannot be measured with absolute precision because the more accurately we know one of these values, the less accurately we know the other and when multiplying together the errors in the measurements of these values, which are represented by the Greek letter à ¢- ³, the result has to be a number greater than or equal to half of the Planck’s Constant h divided by 2Ï€. Though it sounds an extremely involved definition of the Uncertainty Principle, which is formidable enough by the name, especially for those who do not know much about science, yet as it is elaborated more deeply subsequently, the Principle will become comprehensible. According to the definition above, it is clear to observe that there are formulas for the Uncertainty Principle, which are à ¢- ³xà ¢- ³p≠¥h/2 or à ¢- ³Eà ¢- ³t≠¥h/2. In the former formula, x is the position of a particle and p is its momentum. As it is explained in the upper paragraph, à ¢- ³ represents the errors in the measurements, which means à ¢- ³x is the uncertainty of position and à ¢- ³p is the uncertainty of momentum; h is Planck’s constant, which is a fixed number. In the latter formula, E is the energy measurement of a particle and t is the time interval during which the measurement is made. Thus, à ¢- ³E is the uncertainty of an energy measurement and à ¢- ³t is the uncertainty in the time interval during which the measurement is made. Although the explanations of the formulas seem to make the Uncertainty Principle more intricate, yet by demonstrating it with a daily life example, it would become clearer. Theoretically, by throwing an elastic ball to an object and measuring how long it takes to reach back one’s hands can determine how far away the object is. For instance, if one throws the elastic ball to a nearby stool, it would bounce back quickly, indicating that the stool is pretty near the ball-thrower. Similarly, if one throws the elastic ball to a stool that is on the other side of the street, it would bounce back after a while, which means the stool is far away. For a period, physicists thought by this way they could measure where a particle is. The truth is it will never work because indeed the elastic ball would bounce back, yet it is quite possible that the elastic ball is heavy enough to knock away the stool and still has enough momentum to bounce back. In this case, one can only determine where the stool was, but not where it is now. Referring back to something more physics-related, there was a time that physicists wanted to make measurements by shooting a particle toward another particle, which is exactly an analogy of the daily life example they could not measure where the particle was after it had been hit by the other. There was a mystery that had confused many physicists for decades: In an atom, negatively-charged electrons orbit a positively-charged nucleus. Thinking with traditional logic, it is expected that the two opposite charges attract mutually, leading everything to collapse into a ball of particles. The most singular thing was, they never collapse into a ball of particles. This mystery is perfectly unveiled by Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle if an electron gets too close to the nucleus, its position in space would be precisely know, so the error in measuring its position would be quite accurate, meaning that the error in measuring its momentum and velocity would be enormous; as a result, the electron could be moving fast enough to fly out of the atom altogether. It is obvious how significant the Principle is to modern quantum physics. Furthermore, Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle has great compatibility – not only can it explain atom movements, but also can it be applied to nuclear radiation. Alpha decay, which is a type of nuclear radiation, can be explained using Heisenberg’s idea. Alpha particles are two protons and two neutrons emitted by some heavy nuclei, which are usually bound inside the heavy nucleus and would need lots of energy to break the bonds keeping them in place. Whereas, because inside a nucleus, an alpha particle has a very well-defined velocity, which is p, its position, x, is not so well-defined, indicating that there is a small but non-zero chance that the particle could at some point find itself outside the nucleus, under the circumstance that it technically does not have enough energy to escape. When this happens, which is a process metaphorically known as â€Å"quantum tunneling† since the escaping particle has to somehow dig its way through an energy barrier that it cannot leap over, the alpha particle escapes and it becomes radioactive. Under the same reasoning, not only does the uncertainty principle apply to micro world, but also does it also apply to the sun, of which a similar quantum tunnelling process happens in reverse at the center, where protons fuse together and release the energy that allows the sun to shine. Technically, the temperatures are not high enough for the protons to have enough energy to overcome their mutual electric repulsion at the core of the sun, but as the uncertainty principle is correct, they can tunnel their way through the energy barrier. It is definitely worthy to mention that Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle has a very strange result about vacuums. Albeit vacuums are often defined as the absence of everything, yet it is not so in quantum theory because there is an inherent uncertainty in the amount of energy involved in quantum processes and in the time it takes for those processes to happen. By looking at the energy-time version of Heisenberg’s equation, which is à ¢- ³Eà ¢- ³t≠¥h/2, it is shown that the more constrained one variable is, the less constrained the other is, which means it is possible that for extremely short periods of time, a quantum system’s energy can be immensely uncertain, so much that particles can appear out of the vacuum. These particles appear in pairs – an electron and its antimatter pair – for a short while and then annihilate mutually, which is well within the laws of quantum physics, as long as the particles only exist fleetingly and disapp ear when their time is up. With this bunch of elaborations, including Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle’s definition, formulas, a comprehensible example, explanations of applicability and a strange phenomenon, hopefully this legendary Principle has become less complex. Work Cited List Jha, Alok. â€Å"What is Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle†. Theguardian.com. The Observer, 11 Nov. 2013. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/10/what-is-heisenbergs-uncertainty-principle>. Clark, Josh. â€Å"How Quantum Suicide Works†. Howstuffworks.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/science-questions/quantum-suicide2.htm>. â€Å"The Uncertainty Principle†. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/uncer.html>. â€Å"Uncertainty Principle†. Abyss.uoregon.edu. N.p., n.d. 17 Feb. 2014. http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec14.html>.

Cloning Essay examples -- essays research papers

Is Human Cloning Ethical? Imagine that you have just been diagnosed with lung cancer. You have been told you have six months to live unless you can find two replacement lungs. But, you are told and realize you are a clone and have to give your life to save another. Is that ethically right? Would you, the original human want to do it? I feel that cloning human beings is ethically and morally wrong. Cloning seems to be a big issue in the world today. The issues of cloning became a reality in 1997. On February 27, 1997, it was reported that scientist produced the first clone of an adult sheep, attracting international attention and raising questions of whether cloning should take place. Within days, the public called for ethics inquiries and new laws to ban cloning. The potential effects of cloning are unimaginable. What would life be like with women who are able to give birth to themselves, cloned humans who are used for "spare parts," and genetically superior cloned humans? Based on the positive advances of cloning versus the negative effects, one must ask him/herself whether cloning humans should be banned entirely. Whether it is ethical or not science goes on with their experiments in the cloning process. Personally, I think it’s more like treating human beings as objects not humans. The American Medical Association has four points of reason why cloning should not take pl...

Prisoners Life In Shawshank Redemption Film Studies Essay

The movie was set in 1946 and it ‘s about the immature adult male and successful banker Mr Andy duffrense punished to life sentence for falsely convicts slaying of his lover and married woman. The movie is based the novel of STEPHEN KINGS â€Å" RITA HAYWORTH AND THE SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION † besides explores the existent life of captives life of America in 1940. The offense and societal struggles have said in the movie with certain fortunes. The film was nominated for 7 Academy awards for best taking histrion Morgan freewoman filming Roger Deakins, redacting Richard Francis Bruce, music Thomas Newman and for screenplay Frank darabont. Eventhough Many prison play are slightly similar to this movie like Clint Eastwoods â€Å" Escape from Alcatraz † which similar prison life narrative but slightly different secret plan about a group of inmates from Alcatraz prison have escaped from ill-famed prison which no 1 ne'er escaped before this film is based on the true narrativ e of captive blunt Morris. And Frank darabonts another movie â€Å" The Green Mile † besides prison film with phantasy play which focused on adult male falsely accused for slaying the kid. But the adult male is like some power of God after in gaol the narrative surrounds across three constabulary staffs and captives. The film is besides adapted the author Stephen kings â€Å" The green stat mi † . The film said in the emotional and philosophically explores its place in category. THE SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION- BRIEF SYNOPSIS â€Å" Andy duffrense † ( Tim Robbins ) is a successful banker and immature household adult male. He was imprisoned in shawshank and punished life sentence for slaying of his married woman. In prison he shortly become close friend of his â€Å" Elis Boyd Red Redding ( Morgan freewoman ) † and other chap inmates. But in prison Andy abused sexually inside the prison from the group called â€Å" the sisters † in the wash section where is working and many offense struggles from warden and captain Hadley ( Clancy brown ) . Then after survived from the sisters group and he shifted to library on the replacing of Brooks. The film besides in journeys of character Brooks and Red. After Andy comes to cognize that he did n't slay his married woman from the freshly arrived cat Tommy. And in certain fortunes he escaped from prison and reveal about the corruptness in prison to higher functionaries. After warden Norton ( Bob Gunton ) knowing that he caught for corruptness and sl aying of Tommy he suicides himself. And After this issue red is released from prison by word and finds himself remainder of his life were his old friend brooks corsets before. But due to force per unit area and age he cant able to pull off in the present universe he goes to his friend Andy to happen the felicity and freedom of life. THE SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION- BRIEF REVIEW The filming was really perfect and many shootings and angles bring the film a realism.the most changeable I like is helicopter shootings a positions of prison before andy arrives prison. And largely the dark tone and a pleasant scenery were showed in the film. The music was really nice and cheerful which makes the audience into feel. Screenplay is really perfect it portrays the captive ‘s life.. The film is shows the high scope and meaningful doctrine. The histrion ‘s public presentation is really good. Particularly Morgan freeman face looks and organic structure linguistic communication shows a soft playing. There is many consistence in the film. The film portrays chiefly about the anticipating a freedom from captives those who are in life sentenced. Actually the film is based on the novel of â€Å" STEPHEN KINGS THE RITA HAYMORTH AND SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION † . The film shows the pragmatism of captives and how they have Been treated indoors. The chief character of the film Andy has besides helped other captives to last and happen the significance and hope in life. The 90 per centum of the location is largely surrounds around the prison remainder of them in metropolis and small town. There no over force and criminal conversation were used. The film is pleasant. In the film Andy express the feeling and hope by assisting others like back uping them and educating them. the manager shows each and every scene meaningful the music, cinematograpghy was really cheerful and makes the audience feel good. The histrions have done really good public presentation and show the feelings emotionally. Andy struggles from effects of his hope and managed the optimistic ways and attempts to do positive things and concern make others to experience normal. Andy help other inmates to acquire high school grades and to educate them while they were in prison. The casting was sketched and portrayed in perfect mode. Analysis OF THE MOVIE The film expresses the simpleness. The film shows many direct significance of life and human emotions.The most loveable scene to me is â€Å" there is insect in Andy nutrients he will take the and distastefully looking it laughably. â€Å" BROOKS will inquire him that insect and he will feed that into little bird name Jake † so this makes me experience good like and do to believe how the human love and emotions makes attractively portrayed in the film. Actually in the first few scenes shows how Andy convicted murder his married woman there has been conversations between justice, Lawyer and Andy. Even though the slaying scene has non shown in the film the opinion and analyzation of the offense have been show in duologues. Andy will state to attorney that he did n't slay but attorney says that he intentionally did the slaying because his married woman had an matter with another adult male Andy will prisoned in strong circumstantial grounds. The attorney explains the slaying and how intentionally the slaying was held. So while analyzing this the there is intending that one can non judge the adult male on his organic structure linguistic communication sometimes like Andy over depress and tenseness of makes a human into incorrect side of the state of affairs. The film non merely shows about the life of Prisoner besides other captives life and warden, constabulary and other difficult prison experience. Andy and ruddy become close friends shortly. With aid of his friend red. Andy will be after to get away and happen a freedom and meaningful life. First half Andy will inquire Red for stone cock. Because Andy shows himself as involvements and avocation in doing some illumination objects in stones. His friend red will offer him hammer with aid of inmate. And Andy was large fan of Rita Hayworth a actress, so one scene all inmates will seeing the film of Rita Hayworth and his friend red besides large fan of her. So Red besides offer a large posting of Rita. But after old ages ago in the 2nd half the manager makes the turn in the film that Andy digs and come offing off the cement and the wall easy about 19 old ages. with aid of stone cock but he will conceal this on the image of Rachel on the replacing of Rita Hayworth. And he program and flights from the prison. These is the chief intresting turn in the film and which makes the film really interestingly and rational. The dark tone was used in the film to demo the life degree Fahrenheit captives how they have treated in the prison for harshly. And following Mr Brooks who is librarian in Shaw shank prison from childhood have released from prison at old age and he fined the house and the occupation. But due to present universe he can non accommodate with universe he was really much vexed in life and he suicides. This scene makes me very emotional is the narrative is that â€Å" one time I saw an car one time I was kid. But now everyplace † so these narrative duologue shows that how Mr brooks life was been portrayed that he was been imprisoned at his little age that clip the cars is really seldom seen and the starting of cars period. So in present universe certain fortunes he ca n't able to get by with present universe and buzzword able to make the occupation so he have been suicide. So on analysing this film there is strong human consistence. The film is set in 1940s. The films has full of narrative with certain fortunes. On analysing the whole film one thing is strongly said eventhough a peoples like Andy convicted offense and prisoned and got life sentence the ambiance milieus in the prison was human emotions and feelings can non able to command or be proper in some certain state of affairss. The film is besides showing the extremely philosophical topic. The screenplay and filming both have moulded the movie really impressive and emotionally. Scene by scene the charecterzation of Andy and milieus of the prison and peoples makes me really experiencing in certain countries. The film besides shows the corruptness and confederacy of warden inside the prison. after being caught the warden Norton have suicide because of slaying and feeling guilty for corruptness. Norton ( Bob Gunton ) performed really unsmooth and strong warden in the film. He is duo logues and organic structure linguistic communication performed good shows the pragmatism in action. The scene which is like most is he will state to captives † Discipline and bible and in shawshank you see both welcome to shawshank † he will with smiling in face and raggedness in organic structure linguistic communication. In condemnable psychological science many psychologists mentioned that those how got life sentenced the absence of ego control and prison passiveness are enforced them to miss of sense of individuality. The manager Frank darabont has shown the two characters physical and psychological behavior imprisonment and how they get released and the chief thing in the film the friendly relationship develops easy between Andy and Red over the decennaries and precisely what happens at the flood tide. The manager had done good good study on the psychological character of Andy and Red. The chief thing to observe on Red is he is been imprisoned in shawshank for 30 old ages in between he had applied for word but due to some grounds it was been rejected. So but he did n't lose his hope still he applied at last he got the blessing of his word. Morgans freemans organic structure linguistic communication and playing was good notably when he applies for word and the clip of interview he merely performed good like descent and majestic at interview. But really the fact is largely some penalty given with word and some penalty is without word for captives it means that penalty is based on the offense and ps ychological behavior of individual and even that excessively is when the captive behavior is good and without any ailments in prison. So this besides scripted in the movie about existent facts of prison life. The duologues are really meaningful and certain countries used as an narrative. The duologue which is makes me experience is that debut to new captive from warden Norton and from the one new captive will inquire † when do we eat † captain will state to prisoner him â€Å" you eat when do we state eat † so this duologue makes me to believe how the captives life and freedom have ruined and how they find the significance and hope of the existent life in certain fortunes. The movie shows the captives life and their job psychological and physical facets. The most interesting scene in the film is Andy flights from shawshank. That is the major turn and how he program and escaped from the prison. About he takes 19 old ages to get away from the prison. so this scene used narrative that â€Å" Andy loved geology. I imagine the Peel to his punctilious nature. A million old ages constructing geology is force per unit area and clip † so this shows the existent fact that how Andy used his geological head and flights but the clip he takes really short that besides narrated in the movie that â€Å" I think adult male take 600 old ages to burrow through the wall but Andy did less than 20 † so these are some interesting and the existent facts are in this narrative by Red. While analysing this film there is many psychological state of affairs and facts of prison life has been said in the film. Many research plants of human life and prison life was shown in the film. The filming brings the dark tone in the film because the life of captives was holding many jobs and they overcome many sorrows and bad atmosphere so these are some facts brings the film emotional feel. The 85 per centum of the film was taken in bluish coloring material filter and remainder of 15 per centum used brown filters that shows the emotions of parturiency and desperation in the prison are now colour of felicity and freedom. Frank darabont is directed the film does the outstanding occupation. The film was to the full similar classical film. Each and every shooting was sketched in dramatic genre. The film seems miss-en-scene was used in the movie to portrays the conflicting subjects. Darabont besides shows the some existent fact and corruptness inside the prison for illustration capta in Hadley crushing the captives and murdering of Tommy in the Shaw shank prison you come to cognize about the cess pool of corruptness in the film. Darabont shows the film subject of justness for illustration Andys deserves for justnesss battle and acquire the truth. The journey of each character was explores in the conflicting manner and drastic state of affairss. The another interesting scene in the film is after warden caught for corruptness he suicide and there is one quotation mark from bible that â€Å" his opinion cometh and that right shortly † so this scene shows manager had approached the positive standards and justness fortunes. The film has many justness facts and dramatically impacts. Movie had attacks significance of justness and freedom of life. so the film had many indication and intensions of life.. But while seeing the captives life in the film. The individual who convicts or any unexpended offense have been prisoned for piece or life sentence his entire psychological facets become pathetic. His outlook and organic structure linguistic communication will wholly alter. In the Andy inmates and slay his married woman but it is non pre planned slaying due to certain fortunes and psychological perturbation have been put Andy to slay because certain human emotions can non be controlled. so in tribunal even though there Andy s ays he did n't slay his married woman. His organic structure linguistic communication and the manner of looks and his behavior will do the opinion put him into life sentence. The penalty of slaying is strong and there is difference between pre planned slaying and deliberate slaying. So Andy got life sentence for deliberate slaying. So the justness is approached in the film positively. Darabont had shown message for freedom and justness in the film. So the indications and intensions of the film shows how efficaciously It targeted audience in dramatic manner. On deep analyze we should besides believe that whether the captives will handle harshly and many corruptnesss like whipping and slaying inside the prison and slaying against the jurisprudence. If we think life this manner we should believe that this is merely a film adapted from the novel and merely a fictious non pragmatism. The film explores many offense struggles and issues the first scene that Andy dufferense convicts the slaying and other in prison Andy was been sexually and violently disturbed by other fellow inmates. And slaying of Tommy in prison so these are some offenses issue make the movie realistic feel. Psychological ANALYSIS OF CHARECTERIZATION The psychological jobs are sometime make captives to suicide or in any incorrect state of affairs because the offense they convicts or the milieus and atmosphere. But largely the individual who is inmates offense sometimes are punished on their psychological state of affairss and the word picture and behavior on analysing these penalty was been given on the wrongdoers if the individual calculated convicts the slaying has get terrible penalty when instead comparing to pre planned slaying. If we look the Word picture of the Andy falsely convicted offense he is good cat may be much concern to other inmates in prison this is based on their outlook and environmental facets its because the milieus and may be we can besides state this is really behviourness of the individual but it is merely a movie merely a hero who is making positive things for others. Most evidently the penalties given based on the wrongdoer ‘s activity and psychological behavior and opinion of truth behind the off ense. Robert Morgan a psychologist have said that concern to other inmates in prison will be safety and get bying in prison life for captives. But in existent in my opnion I guess there is no individual like Andy, any cat is who concern to other inmates in prison is. We can besides state that Andy ‘s character is slightly 70 percent existent and 30 individual cinematic. But this is merely dilemma reply because. There is narrative in the movie is fifty comes like â€Å" Andy is much loved geology utilizing this force per unit area and clip he do tunnel through the wall and escaped † we may believe it is merely a film, But in existent it has been proved that cat named Frank Morris is imprisoned in Alcatraz ( 1960 ) for convicted offenses like armed robbery and narcotics have been escaped from prison anyone ne'er did it before. He merely planned and makes a dummies adult male like him escaped from the prison after two old ages of imprisonment. This issue have been taken as movie called â€Å" Escape from Alcatraz † . So like this many adventuresome flights like this or based upon their age and their capacit y. Some adventuresome plants like this may said as â€Å" Adrenalin haste † . This is because in the milieus and ambiance of the prison may alter individual ‘s psychological behavior and physical organic structure linguistic communication because the individual who is independent outside the prison has overcomes many sorrows and many felicity and freedom is different when comparing to the individual who is jailed. His everyday activites is non in his custodies like feeding, working and largely spent the clip in the room so this may set a individual into threading emphasis and mental perturbation so work outing these jobs the prison includes working activities, gamed, film theaters and libraries and schools. But sometimes false opinion can be doing the good individual into captives based on the environment. So in that status the individual can impact psychologically. And another point is if even though the individual had justly convicted offense and sometimes wrongly mis judgement make him right individual and non convicts the offense it is been really pathetic sometimes. For illustration I like to state about the movie â€Å" â€Å" The life of David gale † casting by Kevin spacey a professor from university of Texas have been capital penalty for convicted slaying of colza and slaying. For his artlessness newsman Bitsey Bloom ( kate Winslet ) will concern a justnesss and truth and aid David to let go of from the penalty and happen the truth behind the slaying but the clip ne'er leaves him David put to decease on capital penalty but the last stoping turn that David is the truly guilty and he slay his co-worker and militant. So the movie explores the subject about false Judgement makes sometimes pathetic and affects adult male life into drastic state of affairs. So the false opinion ruins Andy life and put him on gaol. Eventhough Andy falsely accused for slaying his married woman he thinks that he slay his married woman when he was drunken but after cognizing the truth has been revealed from Tommy that Andy did n't slay his married woman he claim to warden but due to state of affairs Andy was badly beaten up Captain Hadley and staffs and put him in dark cell. But after get awaying from prison Andy revealed illegal and corruptness to the constabulary and other main functionaries. So this character of Andy dufferense explores that his intelligence and optimistic individual. On analysing this film while Andy claims that he did n't slay his married woman his organic structure linguistic communication shows his character shows he is guiltless. And after assisting other inmates shows his character that he is Optimistic. On flight from prison and reveals the illegal and corruptness in the Shaw shank shows Andy as a intelligent. So these are the types of characters about Andy was sketched by darabont in th e film. So eventually analysing the psychological word picture in the movie the characters explores the good and realistic public presentation good. Decision The movie Shawshank salvation was focused on chief subject of the word salvation. the film was set as a classical play which is really impressive and emotional. The film is about the prison and captives life. On analysing the film and characters and contexts It is truly good worth full film and another thing is the film still have good sentiment and good evaluation among people. The film is realistic play and life about the captive hope for freedom of life and felicity. Contains many philosophical and psychological facets of prison life. The film is truly the worth ticker and good.

Why Do Youths Join Gangs?

Teenagers often struggle to define themselves and their place in the world. They may choose to associate with a certain group because its members share similar beliefs, attitudes or interests. However, teens also look to others to fulfill their basic needs for such things as companionship, understanding and emotional support. When these needs are not met sufficiently or at all by the teens family, they become susceptible to joining gangs. A gang is a group of individuals who share common traits. They are often identified by the clothes or colors that they wear and have a name. Gangs are composed of leaders and followers.They typically have their own methods of communication such as language, symbols, signs or handshakes. Joining a gang requires potential members to go through an initiation of some sort. Initiations into gangs often include the endurance of physical harm or engaging in some form of illegal or dangerous behavior, failure to give proper gang hand signals could lead to a beating. There are many reasons why kids join gangs, but like most youth activities, whether criminal or otherwise, most kids join gangs for companionship and love, social, economic, and cultural forces push many adolescents in the direction of gangs too.Most commonly, teens become gang members to fill their need to belong. Oftentimes, such teens have dysfunctional families or are loners. Gangs are looked to for protection, loyalty and a sense of identity. Members consider themselves part of a family and view their gang as a source of pride. Gangs may fulfill the need for acceptance and recognition as well. However, members are required to do such things as steal from local stores, corrupt buildings with graffiti and engage in other crimes. The drug trade is harsh and dangerous.Lower rung drug dealers do not drive BMW's, wear gold jewelry, or get rich quick. They work around the clock, six or seven days a week, for low wages, often enforced by the threat of violence. Gang murders a re committed to increase profits, to control renegade members, and to protect existing territories and markets. The more cunning and brutal the gang, the better its chances of success. One misconception about joining a gang is the thought of getting rich. Some young people think gang members are rich, drive expensive cars, and don’t have to work. However, very few gang members get rich.Most of their money goes in one hand and out the other to support flash and style rather than for living. Drug dealing is actually hard and dangerous work. Dealers are always on the job. Many use pagers so if someone wants to buy drugs they can get in touch with them at any time of the day or night. They are always on guard, watching for police or rival gangs. They are constantly in danger of being killed. The odds of surviving are not in their favor. Prevention efforts can deter teens from joining gangs. The focus of such efforts is on an individuals sense of identity and belonging.The allure of gangs tends to be most persuasive among outsiders with low self-esteem and poor impulse control. Integrating teens into groups based on common interests provides a positive environment for self-development to occur. Teens should be encouraged to go to community centers and after-school activities which allow them to associate with other teens. Efforts to strengthen family relationships are also helpful, since teens tend to look outside their families when needs for such things as acceptance, belonging, recognition, protection and loyalty are not met at home.

Verb Mood and Voice in Spanish

Verb Mood and Voice in Spanish When we think about the properties that verbs might have, chances are that the first property that comes to mind is its tense: Does it refer to actions in the past, present or future? But verbs also have two other grammatical properties that are important to understanding how they are used: their mood and their voice. The mood of a verb (sometimes called the mode of a verb) is a property that relates to how the person using the verb feels about its factuality or likelihood; the distinction is made much more often in Spanish than it is in English. The voice of a verb has more to do with the grammatical structure of the sentence in which it is used in and refers to the connection between a verb and its subject or object. The three moods: Both English and Spanish have three verb moods: The indicative mood is the normal verb form used in everyday statements. In a sentence such as I see the dog (Veo el perro), the verb is in the indicative mood.The subjunctive mood is used in many statements that are contrary to fact, are hoped for or are in doubt. This mood is by far more common in Spanish, since it has mostly disappeared in English. An example of the subjunctive in English is the verb in the phrase if I were rich (si fuera rico in Spanish), which refers to a contrary-to-fact condition. The subjunctive is also used in a sentence such as I request that my pseudonym be published (pido que se publique mi seudà ³nimo), which indicates a type of desire.The imperative mood is used to give direct commands. The short sentence Leave! ( ¡Sal tà º!) is in the imperative mood. More about the subjunctive mood: Because it is so frequently necessary in Spanish yet unfamiliar to English speakers, the subjunctive mood is an endless source of confusion for many Spanish students. Here are some lessons that will guide you through its usage: Introduction to the subjunctive mood: This lesson gives examples of when the subjunctive mood is used and compares them with sentences in the indicative mood. In the mood: A more detailed list of examples where the subjunctive mood is used. Tenses of the subjunctive mood: Tenses in the subjunctive mood are seldom intuitive. Conjugation of the subjunctive mood. Future subjunctive: The future subjunctive is very rare in Spanish and is archaic in most uses, but it does exist. Subordinate conjunctions: Verbs in dependent clauses are often in the subjunctive mood. Translating might: Sentences translating the English auxiliary verb might often use a clause in the subjunctive mood. I dont believe ...: The negative form of the verb creer (to believe) is typically followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. Ways of making requests: The imperative and subjunctive moods arent as distinct in Spanish as they are in English, and the subjunctive is often used to make requests. Sentence structure a nd the subjunctive: Although the subjunctive usually isnt used to refer to actual, real events, it can be when the structure of the sentence so requires. Statements of necessity: Verb phrases such as es necesario que (it is necessary that) are generally followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. Statements of fear: These are sometimes followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. Use with opinar: Although the subjunctive mood is usually used in giving opinions, it usually isnt used with opinar. More about the imperative mood: The imperative mood is used for making direct commands or requests, but it is far from the only way to ask that someone do something. These lessons look at the different ways of making requests: Direct commands. Making requests without using the imperative mood. Making polite requests. Active and passive voice: The voice of a verb depends primarily on the structure of a sentence. Verbs used in a normal fashion, in which the subject of the sentence is performing the action of the verb, are in the active voice. An example of a sentence in the active voice is Sandi bought a car (Sandi comprà ³ un coche). When the passive voice is used, the subject of the sentence is acted on by the verb; the person or thing performing the action of the verb isnt always specified. An example of a sentence in the passive voice is The car was bought by Sandi (El coche fue comprado por Sandi). In both languages, a past participle (bought and comprado) is used to form the passive voice. It is important to note that, while common in English, the passive voice isnt used as much in Spanish. A common reason for using the passive voice is to avoid stating who or what is performing the action of a verb. In Spanish, that same goal can be accomplished by using verbs reflexively.

Classroom Accommodations for Students With Dyslexia

Classroom Accommodations for Students With Dyslexia When a student with dyslexia is eligible for accommodations in the classroom through an IEP or Section 504, those accommodations need to be individualized to fit the unique needs of the student. Accommodations are discussed at the annual IEP meeting, during which the educational team determines the  accommodations that will help support student success.   Although students with dyslexia will have different needs,  there are some accommodations which are commonly found to be helpful for students with dyslexia. Reading Accommodations Provide books on tape, CDs, or on an electronic reader or textbook that a child can listen to especially for content areas.  Create opportunities for oral reading on a one-on-one basis and only ask the student to read aloud in class if he feels comfortable doing so and volunteers to readProvide outlines, summaries of chapters, vocabulary words and preview questions before readingAllow students to use a highlighter to mark important parts of the textUsed shared reading or reading buddiesAllow the student to discuss, one-on-one, the material after reading with a classroom aide, a partner student or the teacherProvide a set of books/textbooks for the student to keep at homeReduce spelling testsGive spelling tests orallyDont take off points for spelling errors on written workReduce spelling words Writing Accommodations Allow the student to dictate work to a parent or aideProvide speech-to-text softwareOffer alternative projects instead of written reportsPhotocopy another childs notes or designate a note-taker who will share notes at the end of classMinimize the amount of copying from the boardAllow the student to use a keyboard to take notesLet student respond to questions orally rather than writing each answerReduce written work Testing Accommodations Allow the student to take tests orallyAllow for extra timeReview directions to test orallyProvide alternatives to testing, such as projects, oral or video presentationsRead test questions to the student and write down answers as the student speaks the answerAllow tests to be taken outside of the classroom, in a quiet area with minimal distractionsHave students state answers into a tape recorder Homework Accommodations Reduce homework, especially assignments requiring readingAllow the student to dictate answers to homework to a parent, sibling or tutorAllow typewritten homeworkUse worksheets with minimal writingLimit time spent on homeworkDo not take off points for homework handed in late Giving Instructions or Directions Break large tasks into stepsGive directions in small stepsRead written directions or instructions to the studentProvide alternatives to writing assignments, use an online calendar, provide the student with a written list of assignments each morning, have a buddy student write assignments, an email list of assignments to student or parentGive examples or model behavior when giving instructionsMake eye contact with a student when giving directions Technology Accommodations Provide computers that have speech recognition softwareAllow the use of electronic spell-checkersProvide software that enlarges images on a computer screenProvide student with a computer to complete class workAllow students to tape record lessons Classroom Accommodations Often students with dyslexia also have co-morbid challenges, especially ADHD or ADD which will add to these students challenges and often leave them with  negative self-concept and low self-confidence.  Be sure to have some of these accommodations, either formally (in the IEP) or informally, as part of your classroom routines, to support both student success and student self-esteem.   Write schedules on boardWrite classroom rules on boardWrite homework assignments on the board in the morning and leave up throughout the dayHave the student sit near the teacherUse color-coding to organize desk, classroom and students booksUse multi-sensory activities to further understanding of topicsUse a positive reinforcement program with rewards and consequencesCreate private signals for a student to indicate high frustration or for the teacher to bring a child back on trackIncrease communication with parents, using daily or weekly emails or phone calls and increase meetings with parentsAssign classroom jobs that will help to increase self-esteemWork with the student to create achievable goals This list is not comprehensive  since just as  each student with dyslexia is different, their needs will be different. Some students may only require minimal accommodations while others may require more intense interventions and assistance. Use this list as a guideline to help you think about what needs the student, or students, in your classroom have. When attending IEP or Section 504 meetings, you can use this list as a checklist; sharing with the educational team what you feel would best help the student. References Accommodations in the Classroom, 2011, Staff Writer, University of Michigan: Institute for Human Adjustment Dyslexia, Date Unknown, Staff Writer, Region 10 Education Service Center Learning Disabilities, 2004, Staff Writer, University of Washington, The Faculty Room

BADM 3601 †Operations Management Assignmen

Statistics show that students arrive at a rate of four per hour, and the distribution is approximately Poisson. Assistance time averages 10 minutes, distributed exponentially. Assume population and line length can be infinite and queue discipline is FCFS. Using this information, answer the following questions. i. Calculate the percent of utilization of the graduate student P= 4/6 = 2/3 = . 6667 percent utilization ii. Determine the average number of students in the system ?= 4 per hour ?= 6 students helped an hour Ls= 4/ 6-4 = 4/2 = 2 students in the system on average. iii. Calculate the average time in the system Ws= 1/ 6-4 = ? = . 5 hours average time in the system iv. Find out the probability of four or more students being in line or being served P0= 1 – 4/6 = 1- 2/3 = . 33 probability that there are 4 or more students being in line or being served. . Before a test, the arrival of students increases to five per hour on the average. ?Compute the average number of students waiting under this scenario. Lq= 4^2 / 6 (6-4) = 16/ 12= 1. 33 student waiting in line on average. (b) Â  What are the three characteristics of a waiting? line system? 1. Arrivals or inputs to the system: these have characteristics such as population size, behavior, and a statistical distribution. 2. Queue discipline, or the waiting line itself: characteristics of the queue include whether is it limited or unlimited in length and the discipline of people or items in it. . The service facility: its characteristics include its design and the statistical distribution of service times. —————————————————————————————– Question 2. Radovilsky’s Department Store in Haywood, California, maintains a successful catalog sales department in which a clerk takes orders by telephone. If the clerk is occupied on one line, incoming phone calls to the catalog department are answered automatically by a recording machine and asked to wait. As soon as the clerk is free, the party who has waited the longest is transferred and serviced first. Calls come in at a rate of about 12 per hour. The clerk can take an order in an average of 4 minutes. Calls tend to follow a Poisson distribution, and service times tend to be exponential. The cost of the clerk is $10 per hour, but because of lost goodwill and sales, Radovilsky’s loses about $25 per hour of customer time spent waiting for the clerk to take an order. ?= 12 ? = 15 (a) What is the average time that catalog customers must wait before their calls are transferred to the order clerk? Wq= 12/ 15 (15-12) = . 2667 average time to wait before transferred (b) What is the average number of callers waiting to place an order? Lq = 12^2 / 15 (15- 12) = 3. 2 average number of callers waiting to place an order (c) Radovilsky’s is considering adding a second clerk to take calls. The store’s cost would be the same $10 per hour. Should it hire another clerk? Explain your decision. Yes they should hire another clerk because the customer average wait time and average number of callers waiting to place an order indicate that a second representative is needed. BADM 3601 – Operations Management Assignmen Statistics show that students arrive at a rate of four per hour, and the distribution is approximately Poisson. Assistance time averages 10 minutes, distributed exponentially. Assume population and line length can be infinite and queue discipline is FCFS. Using this information, answer the following questions. i. Calculate the percent of utilization of the graduate student P= 4/6 = 2/3 = . 6667 percent utilization ii. Determine the average number of students in the system ?= 4 per hour ?= 6 students helped an hour Ls= 4/ 6-4 = 4/2 = 2 students in the system on average. iii. Calculate the average time in the system Ws= 1/ 6-4 = ? = . 5 hours average time in the system iv. Find out the probability of four or more students being in line or being served P0= 1 – 4/6 = 1- 2/3 = . 33 probability that there are 4 or more students being in line or being served. . Before a test, the arrival of students increases to five per hour on the average. ?Compute the average number of students waiting under this scenario. Lq= 4^2 / 6 (6-4) = 16/ 12= 1. 33 student waiting in line on average. (b) Â  What are the three characteristics of a waiting? line system? 1. Arrivals or inputs to the system: these have characteristics such as population size, behavior, and a statistical distribution. 2. Queue discipline, or the waiting line itself: characteristics of the queue include whether is it limited or unlimited in length and the discipline of people or items in it. . The service facility: its characteristics include its design and the statistical distribution of service times. —————————————————————————————– Question 2. Radovilsky’s Department Store in Haywood, California, maintains a successful catalog sales department in which a clerk takes orders by telephone. If the clerk is occupied on one line, incoming phone calls to the catalog department are answered automatically by a recording machine and asked to wait. As soon as the clerk is free, the party who has waited the longest is transferred and serviced first. Calls come in at a rate of about 12 per hour. The clerk can take an order in an average of 4 minutes. Calls tend to follow a Poisson distribution, and service times tend to be exponential. The cost of the clerk is $10 per hour, but because of lost goodwill and sales, Radovilsky’s loses about $25 per hour of customer time spent waiting for the clerk to take an order. ?= 12 ? = 15 (a) What is the average time that catalog customers must wait before their calls are transferred to the order clerk? Wq= 12/ 15 (15-12) = . 2667 average time to wait before transferred (b) What is the average number of callers waiting to place an order? Lq = 12^2 / 15 (15- 12) = 3. 2 average number of callers waiting to place an order (c) Radovilsky’s is considering adding a second clerk to take calls. The store’s cost would be the same $10 per hour. Should it hire another clerk? Explain your decision. Yes they should hire another clerk because the customer average wait time and average number of callers waiting to place an order indicate that a second representative is needed.

2012 Election Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

2012 Election - Essay Example Based on all of the aforementioned issues and after balancing pros and potential cons related to both candidates, it has been determined that Mitt Romney would be the best leader for the United States. First, in relation to the economy, Barack Obama has a proven track record of failures associated with economic policy and stimulus package development to prevent the company from experiencing a recession. This current president maintains a very large group of economic advisors to provide him information and strategies that will help the macro- and micro-economic environment. It does not appear that this president maintains the academic or experience-based credentials to understand the complex dynamics of economic theory and inter-dependent financial institutions that drive growth and sustainability in the economy. It becomes a cause for concern when an individual who is responsible for dictating economic policy must rely on a basket of knowledge sources to make decisions. Mitt Romney maintains much experience-based knowledge of business and financial investment institutions and therefore can rely on their own tangible knowledge to make effective economic decisions. It is difficult t o trust the economic policy of an individual with no formalized training in advanced economic development or experience working within the investment and financial communities. Barack Obama also does not seem to understand the importance of a crumbling and inefficient infrastructure that supports retail, physical urban sustainability, and how physical infrastructure failures have long-term safety consequences for citizens. Many of the bridges and highways in America, as two examples, have been deemed unsafe by experts in safety management nationwide. In certain urban areas, they are literally falling onto vehicles as they pass underneath overpasses with the rebar exposed and potholes

Communcation ethics and society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communcation ethics and society - Assignment Example Despite being the newspaper’s employee, â€Å"her opinions are her own† (Sullivan, â€Å"About the Public Editor†). If the position serves its true purpose, the results and effects of having a public editor is toward ensuring journalistic credibility and integrity. It also gives the newspaper a more positive reputation in the eyes of the readers. A journalist’s ethics greatly affect the newspaper and its readers because the ethical standards are what guarantee accuracy, fairness, and clarity in journalism. Q1: In the diffusion of innovation theory, can it be assumed that information that the masses receive are already fated from the beginning (Fuchs 13), thus leaving the masses with no choice regarding what is presented to them? Q2: According to the media information utility theory, people in urban locations turn to various forms of media for information (Fuchs 16). With the influx of social networking sites providing vast amounts of information to people (Fuchs 18), how can newspapers guarantee that they are not swayed by the want and need to provide â€Å"breaking news† (that proliferate in such sites) in order to

Perception of female leaders Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Perception of female leaders - Thesis Example This ideal would be wrongfully assumed to be true in general. In the same way that it is erroneous to presume that the current position of women has continued to progress backwards. In many industries it would be accurate to suppose that the trend of having ‘boy’s clubs’ is still at play. Businesses such as Information Technology and others that are similar in nature are well regarded as a majority men’s field. The ratio of men to women in population would no doubt be in favor of men. In such cases, it can be assumed that women will have a more arduous task in proving themselves in the workplace before they can gain the respect and opportunity to work in a higher position. This difference in gender is something that cannot be disregarded as such remains to be an underlying factor in and thus regarded deliberately in this paper. Women are identified towards what can only be regarded as instinctive leadership style in comparison to a more practical problem solving approach employed by men. This is not to say that one is extensively better than the other or vice versa. What it merely indicates is that there is a difference, nothing more and nothing less. Men and women are coexistent upon one another and both are fundamental in the workplace and in the broader spectrum of life. This is to say in a deductive manner that as constantly and as our creation suggests that men and women complement each other. In history, as the man hunts, the woman prepares the game and serves it to the family. Suppose that in the present the woman hunts and proves that she is as efficient, would her labor be regarded as any different? The answer is obvious and the answer is no. Just as the man was able to provide food in the table, the woman, in however diverse her hunting style may be supplied the same and equal nourishment for the household. If she turns out to be a good

Argument for God using the Design argument Essay

Argument for God using the Design argument - Essay Example The world was created in a way that human beings have no control or clue of the occurrence or existence of different phenomena. This essay is going to explore and affirm that God exists through the argument for design. Thesis Statement: The coordination and the intricate way in which human beings live by purpose suggest the existence of an intelligent designer. Overview Our lives in the world are inspired by the events and activities that we, human beings, undertake. However, in the process we have questions on our existence and, most importantly, on whether God exists. An argument by design explains the existence of God through the use of facts, theories and examples of how God created life. The world is meant for human inhabitation because there is a pattern in which life occurs and exists. It is true to argue that the world and life were designed by someone or a spirit that is unexplainable due to the following facts: Teleological orders: This is used to explain how order in the w orld occurs since everything in the world seems to follow a certain pattern. Teleological order can exist as spatial and temporal order whereby spatial order explains the co-presence while the latter explains succession. It is easy to look at the world and wonder at the facts of co-presence and succession. For instance, the human body is made up of millions of parts which interact with one another to come up with a complex living creature. William Paley who was an advocate of natural teleology argued that as a watch is a timepiece that is made up of millions of parts, then also the world and human life is designed that way. Another advocate of the teleological argument was Thomas Aquinas who argued that we see the world as being made up of many things some of which lack knowledge. He elucidates that these beings act for an end and this is evident by the small animals of living things (Sweet 95). As a result, a thing that does not have knowledge cannot move towards and end but only i f it is directed by an intelligent being. Apart from humans who possess knowledge, natural things cannot move towards an end and therefore, what drives their move towards end is an intelligent being who in this sense is God. Paley’s argument is that the world is created in a perfect manner different from a watch due to several reasons. For instance, in his natural teleological argument he says that â€Å"as a watch is perfectly crafted and a well oiled machine,† then the world is also perfect. For instance, in the world there is enough oxygen for everybody. It is not less because it would not support life and again, it is not a lot because it could lead to easy combustion. Apart from William Paley’s theory, other scientists have supported the analogy of design through the positioning of the earth. For instance, if we look at the way earth is positioned, it not so close to the sun because it would cause problems to people and life would not be supported. Furtherm ore, if the sun was in a far position from the earth, then life would not be supported in the world (Sweet 102). The look of the universe from this view presents us with conclusion that God was involved in the creation of the world. This is summed by Isaac Newton who said that the most beautiful system of the sun, planets and comets can only proceed through the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being. Criticisms: The William Paley analogy created a lot of criticism from a lot of quarters, especially from David Hume. The first

Change is a consistent issue for the modern organisation. Discuss the Essay

Change is a consistent issue for the modern organisation. Discuss the various ways in which the employee may offer effective resistance to this change - Essay Example Because both of these forces, inertia and change forces, are necessary and inevitable, both forces are intrinsic to change management equations and need to be managed well. The paper examines the roles that collective resistance, the resistance of key employees in influential positions, and disparate resistance, apathy and cynicism among employees play in successful efforts to thwart and resist organizational change. The paper examines the literature and finds that those factors or forces do make up the very ways that employees are able to resist external pressures to change with much success (Hodgkinson 1999; Singh and Dixit 2011; Visser 2011; Brown and Cregan 2008; Godin 2001; Hannan and Freeman 1984; March 1981; Judge 2001; Taylor 2013; March 1981). The paper aims to discuss the ways that employees may effectively resist change in modern organizations, as detailed in the academic literature. The paper looks at the academic literature to gain a broad perspective of the nature of change in general, and of the way change is inherent in the very nature of organizations of all kinds and of the environments in which those organizations operate. In essence because change is an inherent aspect of life, it is true too that change is an inherent aspect of organizations and the environments that organizations move in. The same holds for the various stakeholders of those organizations, with employees being one of the most vital stakeholder groups in organizations. The paper also looks at the psychology of organizational change and of inertia on the part of organizations and its employees, and why that inertia leads to employees resisting change. Along the way the paper traces the roots of that inertia to natural processes that enshrine est ablished ways of doing, via processes, groups, and practices that become embedded in the standard way of doing things in organizations, because those

Perception of female leaders Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Perception of female leaders - Thesis Example This ideal would be wrongfully assumed to be true in general. In the same way that it is erroneous to presume that the current position of women has continued to progress backwards. In many industries it would be accurate to suppose that the trend of having ‘boy’s clubs’ is still at play. Businesses such as Information Technology and others that are similar in nature are well regarded as a majority men’s field. The ratio of men to women in population would no doubt be in favor of men. In such cases, it can be assumed that women will have a more arduous task in proving themselves in the workplace before they can gain the respect and opportunity to work in a higher position. This difference in gender is something that cannot be disregarded as such remains to be an underlying factor in and thus regarded deliberately in this paper. Women are identified towards what can only be regarded as instinctive leadership style in comparison to a more practical problem solving approach employed by men. This is not to say that one is extensively better than the other or vice versa. What it merely indicates is that there is a difference, nothing more and nothing less. Men and women are coexistent upon one another and both are fundamental in the workplace and in the broader spectrum of life. This is to say in a deductive manner that as constantly and as our creation suggests that men and women complement each other. In history, as the man hunts, the woman prepares the game and serves it to the family. Suppose that in the present the woman hunts and proves that she is as efficient, would her labor be regarded as any different? The answer is obvious and the answer is no. Just as the man was able to provide food in the table, the woman, in however diverse her hunting style may be supplied the same and equal nourishment for the household. If she turns out to be a good

Change is a consistent issue for the modern organisation. Discuss the Essay

Change is a consistent issue for the modern organisation. Discuss the various ways in which the employee may offer effective resistance to this change - Essay Example Because both of these forces, inertia and change forces, are necessary and inevitable, both forces are intrinsic to change management equations and need to be managed well. The paper examines the roles that collective resistance, the resistance of key employees in influential positions, and disparate resistance, apathy and cynicism among employees play in successful efforts to thwart and resist organizational change. The paper examines the literature and finds that those factors or forces do make up the very ways that employees are able to resist external pressures to change with much success (Hodgkinson 1999; Singh and Dixit 2011; Visser 2011; Brown and Cregan 2008; Godin 2001; Hannan and Freeman 1984; March 1981; Judge 2001; Taylor 2013; March 1981). The paper aims to discuss the ways that employees may effectively resist change in modern organizations, as detailed in the academic literature. The paper looks at the academic literature to gain a broad perspective of the nature of change in general, and of the way change is inherent in the very nature of organizations of all kinds and of the environments in which those organizations operate. In essence because change is an inherent aspect of life, it is true too that change is an inherent aspect of organizations and the environments that organizations move in. The same holds for the various stakeholders of those organizations, with employees being one of the most vital stakeholder groups in organizations. The paper also looks at the psychology of organizational change and of inertia on the part of organizations and its employees, and why that inertia leads to employees resisting change. Along the way the paper traces the roots of that inertia to natural processes that enshrine est ablished ways of doing, via processes, groups, and practices that become embedded in the standard way of doing things in organizations, because those

Gabriel Alvarez Essay Example for Free

Gabriel Alvarez Essay The Ninth Circuit believed that because respondents’ donning and doffing is an vital and necessary preliminary activity included by respondents’ principal work activity, all activities performed afterward such as walking accordingly occur during the ‘principal’ workday and is compensable. The court rejected the petitioner’s argument that Section 4(a)(1) of the Portal Act makes clear that the walking time at issue is not compensable even if it follows clothes changing. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the employees of IBP, Inc. because putting on protective gear and walking to and from changing areas are â€Å"integral and indispensable† to the jobs â€Å"principal activities†. ISSUE(S) The issues presented to the Supreme Court for determination were whether the time spent walking between donning and doffing areas and workstations, and the time spent waiting to put on protective equipment were compensable under the FLSA as amended by the Portal-to-Portal Act. The Supreme Court held that time spent walking following putting on protective equipment and prior to removing protective equipment was compensable under the FLSA as amended by the Portal-to-Portal Act REASON(S) The Court held that any activity that â€Å"is ‘integral and indispensable’ to a ‘principal activity’ is itself a ‘principal activity’ under section 4(a)(1) of the Portal-to-Portal Act.

Development of Chinas Economics

Development of Chinas Economics CHINA 2014 Table of Contents 1. Is China a developing country? 2. Theories/ Models of Growth and Development Applied on China 2.1. Rostow’s Stages of Growth 2.2. The Harrod-Domar Model Growth Model 2.3. Lewis’s Theory of Development 2.4. Structural Change and Pattern of Development 2.5. International Dependence Revolution 2.6. Neoclassical Counterrevolution 2.7. Coordination Failure and the Big Push 3. Poverty in China 3.1. Headcount Index Gini Co-efficient 3.2. Poverty Gap 3.3. Poverty Trend Analysis 4. Bibliography 5. Word Count: 1. Is China a developing country? China is a big economy in absolute terms, with GNP second only to the United States. Despite its remarkable economic development over the past decades, China remains a developing nation. China is the worlds most populous country, with a population of 1.3 billion in 2011. Its not far behind India, which contains 1.2 billion people and is predicted to overtake China in the next two decades. China ranks below the 100th place in the world in terms of per capita GDP, which is 3700 US dollars and the country is classified among middle and low income level countries. China is behind the majority of the developed world in terms of per capita possession of natural resources, in some cases, even far below the worlds average. Its fresh water reserve is only 1/3 of the world’s average, coal consumption 1/2 and natural gas 1/5. Moreover, a population of 150 million is caught in poverty and, is living on less than 1 US dollar a day. 83 million people are living with disabilities in the country. With the second largest number of poor in the world after India, poverty reduction remains a fundamental challenge. (WorldBank, 2014) Chinas trade mix is dominated by commodity trade that is resource and labor consuming, putting it at the lower end of the global industrial chain as the knowledge based trade in services only accounts for a small portion in foreign trade. There are shortfalls in scientific and technological innovation capacity that impede the countrys core competitiveness. Furthermore, the country faces challenges in the areas of investment in education which is low and in the areas of medical services and social security. Inequality remains high, rapid urbanization poses threat to environmental stability and there are external imbalances. China also faces demographic pressures related to an aging population and the internal migration of labor. (ChinaDaily, 2013) (Euractiv, 2012) 2. Theories/ Models of Growth and Development Applied on China 2.1. Rostow’s Stages of Growth Rostow’s theory states that each country needs to go through five imminent stages of development. Observing China in the context of the Rostow’s Model of Development, it is reasonable to claim it to be in the fourth stage, which is the drive to maturity. China remained in the third stage for several decades due to its inclination towards remaining a closed economy. As it opened its doors to the world in the 1990s, it saw itself elevating to stage four. China benefitted by a great increase in its GDP (as shown by the graph below) and foreign investment as their interaction with the world increased (Jacobs, 2014) Figure 1 Index of China’s Real GDP Growth Figure 2 Cumulative FDI in China Economicreforms of 1978 caused China’s economy to grow nine times. In 2002, China replaced US as the biggest receiver of foreign direct investment amounting up to $52.7 billion. It accounted for 25% of the global trade expansion. Apart from being a high exporter to US and Japan, China is a high consumer as well. China also became the world’s second largest importer of oil, right after the US. Its consumption of raw materials such as steel and copper became greater than that of the US. In 2003, it consumed 55% of the world’s cement. As China secured its membership of the World Trade Organization, it became a dominant player in the economy (Marcos Chamon, 2011). 2.2. The Harrod-Domar Model Growth Model Harrod-Domar model extrapolates that development is a phenomenon driven by savings and investments. China, in light of the model, faced some ups and downs in terms of savings and investment. The biggest dip in the investment came 1960 to 1962 as the government initiated the ‘Great Leap Forward’ campaign leading to immense nationalization and hence a major fall in investments. Post Economic Reforms in 1978, China saw a stable but increasing rate of investment in China, with the usual cyclical fluctuations. Simultaneously, China has seen a rise in savings from 35% in 1990 to approximately 50% by 2012. Interestingly, mainly the younger population and the elder population have shown a saving trend. This is due to decreasing public provision of facilities such as education and health prompted the younger generation to save for future education costs and the older generation to save for future health costs. (Marcos Chamon, 2011), (Labaria, 2012) 2.3. Lewis’s Theory of Development The essence of this model is to allocate resources more efficiently in the developing world where there is an overflow of labor in the traditional agriculture sector that needs to be dissolved into the industrial sector workforce (Anon., 2008) China’s agricultural percentage to GDP is around 12% and catering to almost 43% of the agricultural employment share, showing that China’s labor force is still not fully transferred to the industrial sector. However, China is still growing fast. According to Spence, high Savings and investment where public spending was on education, infrastructure, international trade, technological up gradation and productive employment were all factors that led China’s phenomenal growth. Although there was agro to industrial migration, people were more towards private sector than state owned enterprises. For example, between 1995 and 2005, the ownership of enterprises fell by 38% whereas private, foreign and individual grew in total by 35 %. The reason for this could be that the capital to output ratio for private was much greater than the state owned ones i.e. 6.7 vs. 3.3. Along with investment, China focused on improving its exports from 2004 onwards. China used the investment for technology that proved beneficial from 2000 where the number of patent applications were 100000 that shot up to 275000 by 2004. As a result, China was the one with the most patent applications from the BRIC nations. Figure 3 In compliance with the Lewis model the economy was able to absorb the extra agricultural labor with a rise in the marginal productivity of labor which is still lower than the wage for the average productivity of labor. (MARCO G. ERCOLANI, 2010) In 2010 China had not reached the third stage as such as there was still a gap in labor productivities between both the sectors. 2.4. Structural Change and Pattern of Development Chenery’s structural change model assesses the characteristic features of development process derived from the different levels of per capita income of countries. For China, the shift from the agricultural to industrial production is seen in the city called Shenzhen which was once farming and fishing village in 1980’s and grew into the richest city in 30 years, as a result of foreign investment and manufacturing. (Shenzhen Facts, 2013) This example only can also explain that there was steady accumulation of both physical and human capital. The rapid growth in Shenzhen was possible due to the capital, labor, technology and information. (Shen, 2008) . These changes were accompanied by shift in consumption patterns to more appropriate ones of demand for manufactured goods and services. Although one can say that China has tried to achieve the decline in family size to cater to its overall population, the disparity between different regions is still prevalent. Hence it canno t be inferred if the child quality is preferred over the child quantity in China. 2.5. International Dependence Revolution The trend of aid received by China has experienced various fluctuations. Up until late 1970s, China was a net donor, but when the Chinese economy started its openness policy, it became a net receiver of aid to finance the industrialization, mainly from Japan. However, this aid rather than being pure loans or grants was more in the form of economic co-operations agreements which gave both China and Japan a ‘win win’ situation rather than China getting exploited by Japan. Post mid 90s however (after the success of industrialization was manifesting), the aid received by China started to drop drastically; and due to the introduction of the ‘Grand Plan’ of 1994,China started to realize the potential of securing resources and export markets abroad and started investing heavily in Africa, the trend of which continues to today . Hence instead of China being exploited by the cores, it is now in a position to exploit Africa. The neocolonial dependence model cannot be applied to China. (Shimomura Ohashi, 2013) The Dualistic Development Thesis however applies extremely well to China, as evidenced by the disparity in public and private spending on education and health (public spending is almost constant whereas private is increasing (WorldBank, 2014)) or by the vast income disparity amongst China’s urban and regional areas. Reasons for this co existence phenomenon are discussed under Poverty in China. 2.6. Neoclassical Counterrevolution Neoliberals suggest that by allowing competitive free markets to function, economic growth will begin because world markets are efficient. In 1979, China was a stiff command economy prey, to majorinefficiencies making it poorerthan India. The government focused on heavy industries, ignoring agriculture and the private sectors. Their leader Chen, recognizing the importance of market and socialism endedâ€Å"The Leap Outward†, allowing the firms tobenefit with the government from the market functioning, showing that Market Friendly approach is needed. Public-choicetheory discusses that by the self centered intervention of government, not only does misallocation of resources occur, but people are left with lesser choices and freedom. China has now shifted to a mixed economy with reforms which shall allow China to reach 60% of America’s per capita GDP. (TheMoneyIllusion, 2010) In the last 30 years, the Chinese economy has seen a shift to a hybrid economy after China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001. Theprivatization of 90% of the urban residential schemes and real estate can be marked as an economic success because it led to a growth in per capita income 8.1% from 1978 to 2004. Neoclassical free-market argument emphasizes onliberalizationof national markets, which draws additional domestic and foreign investment, increasing the rate of capital accumulation. China has acceptedliberation by allowing free trade, to the extent that China, a part of the BRIC nation now has the power to shake the strength of the US Dollar; however the role and hold of government is still strong on the economy and the people. An example of this is the enforcement of one child policy. Although the government has now relaxed these rules, to extending to a two child policy, this was needed to control the geometric progression of the population versus the arithmetic progress of resources which would have led to increased poverty. (Coase Wang, 2013) 2.7. Coordination Failure and the Big Push According to Todaro coordination failure occurs because of the inability of economic agents to coordinate their behavior resulting in an equilibrium in which everyone ends up being worse off and occurs because of pecuniary externalities, asymmetric information, and high wages of workers which warrant government intervention which Todaro named the Big Push. (Todaro Smith, 2012) In October 1949 the People’s Republic of China was established by the Communist Party. The party aimed to nationalize the agricultural sector and use it to finance the growth in industrialization to coordinate the activities of the economic agents in the industrial sector. As a result of this the Industrial sector thrived and grew. (Young, 2014) In 1958 the Great leap forward was announced. Under this communes of farms were formed and private farming was abolished. The purpose of this was to increase output via greater cooperation and greater physical effort. However this failed resulting in drop in agricultural production, three years of famine and millions of deaths. The government responded by initiating policies contradictory to that of Big Push model, i.e. the government allowed for private farming and slashed investment in industrial sector which led to improvements in the industry. (Young, 2014) Lastly the Great ProletarianCultural Revolution of 1966 resulted in a negative impact on industry production resulting in a decade of confusion and strife. (Young, 2014) So it can be inferred that the Big Push model advocating government intervention has resulted in more costs than benefits for the Chinese. 3. Poverty in China 3.1. Headcount Index Gini Co-efficient YEAR Headcount ratio (% of population, at $1.25 a day) Millions of poor (people less than $1.25 a day) Population (in billions) (gapminder) 1990 60.18 683.2 1.15 1991 1.16 1992 63.80 743.3 1.175 1993 53.69 632.7 1.188 1994 59.78 712.5 1.201 1995 54.05 651.2 1.213 1996 36.37 442.8 1.226 1997 47.84 588.5 1.237 1998 47.97 595.8 1.259 1999 35.63 446.3 1.260 2000 1.269 2001 1.277 2002 28.36 363.1 1.285 2003 1.293 2004 1.300 2005 16.25 211.9 1.307 2006 1.314 2007 1.321 2008 13.06 173 1.328 2009 11.80 157.1 1.334 Figure 4 WorldBank, 2014 The trend shows that the headcount ratio was decreasing rather at a slow rate from 1990 till 1999, however the headcount reduced by almost 50%. By 2005 the headcount further reduced by 50% and then gradually till 2009 the headcount came to about 11.8%. It should be keep in mind that the population of China had been increasing around 0.01 billion each year and still the headcount was reduced. From the highest 743.3 million poor in 1992 to almost 157.1 million poor in 2009 is an achievement. (WorldBank, 2014) According to Yu Xie, a sociologist from Michigan University, China suffers from one of the highest levels of income inequality in the world. Inequality prevails even in comparison to other countries that have similar standards of living. The Gini Coefficient has shown an increasing trend reaching 0.472 in 2012. (Gapminder, 2014) 3.2. Poverty Gap The World Bank index presents that Poverty Gap in 2009 was 2.8, but data for the latter years was not available. Beijing and Shanghai have reached high developmental levels equivalent to Cyprus and Portugal because of the government’s efforts via provision of healthcare, education and welfare, but provinces such as south-western Huizhou are comparable to Namibia or Botswana. The city life is becoming increasingly expensive and the middle class is being squeezed. 3.3. Poverty Trend Analysis Extreme poverty defined by percentage of people living below $1.25 per day fell till 1987 in China after which it increased sharply to 64% in 1992. After which it declined in 1993, increased again in 1994 and then declined continuously to 13% in 2008. However there were stalls in poverty reduction during the late 1920s and late 1990s. So the significant increase in poverty in China during the late 1980s was because of the Communist Party’s policy to nationalize the agricultural sector part of their Great leap forward strategy which backfired leading to a significant increase in poverty in the rural areas of China. (Ravallion Chen, 2007) The number of people below the poverty line started to decrease after the peak in 1992 because of: migration from rural to urban growth in primary sector due to the about face policy after the Great Leap Forward economy wide policies including agrarian reforms controlling of inflation increase in government spending as part of the effort to achieve the MDG on poverty and hunger The rate of decline in poverty varied from industry to industry and among provinces because the rate of growth in these was not the same. (Ravallion Chen, 2007) As shown by the figure below, economic activity is prevalent at the coastal regions and declines as we move towards the interior of the country. Figure 5 GDP/Capita by province 2002 (US$) As the economy opened its doors to the world, it saw an inflow of investment in this coastal region. However, the benefit has not been transferred to the inner regions, the urban residents located at the east earn thrice as much as the rural residents (Roberts, 2014), (GeoCases, 2002) Figure 6 (GeoCases, 2002) 4. Bibliography Anon., 2008. Introduction to Economics of Development. [Online] Available at: http://www.pauldeng.com/teaching/development/lectnotes_8_econ175a.pdf [Accessed 2014]. Bertaud, A., 2010. GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION AND URBAN LAND MARKETS: THE CASE OF CHINA. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 29(4), pp. 335-346. ChinaDaily, 2013. China Daily. [Online] Available at: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2013-01/10/content_16100813.htm [Accessed 2014]. Coase, R. Wang, N., 2013. How China Became Capitalist. [Online] Available at: http://www.cato.org/policy-report/januaryfebruary-2013/how-china-became-capitalist [Accessed 2014]. Euractiv, 2012. Euractiv. [Online] Available at: http://www.euractiv.com/global-europe/china-developing-country-analysis-498377 [Accessed 2014]. GeoCases, 2002. China: A Third Generation Newly Industrialised Country. [Online] Available at: http://www.geocases2.co.uk/printable/China a third generation NIC.htm [Accessed 2014]. Jacobs, J., 2014. Rostows Stages of Growth Deveopment Model. [Online] Available at: http://geography.about.com/od/economic-geography/a/Rostow-S-Stages-Of-Growth-Development-Model.htm [Accessed 2014]. Labaria, E., 2012. China and Development. [Online] Available at: http://elirozz_labaria.tigblog.org/post/7228633?setlangcookie=true [Accessed 2014]. MARCO G. ERCOLANI, Z. W., 2010. AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEWIS-RANIS-FEI THEORY OF DUALISTIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR CHINA. Changsha, Chinese Economist Society. Marcos Chamon, K. L. E. P., 2011. The Puzzle of Chinas Rising Household Saving Rate. 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